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Em 29 de Abril de 2022, Helena Rodrigues Fragoso, aluna de mestrado do Programa de P\u00f3s-Gradua\u00e7\u00e3o em Biodiversidade Vegetal e Meio Ambiente do Instituto de Pesquisas Ambientais, defendeu sua Disserta\u00e7\u00e3o de Mestrado intitulada, \u201cReavalia\u00e7\u00e3o molecular de macroalgas verdes monostrom\u00e1ticas (Ulvophyceae, Chlorophyta) com \u00eanfase em esp\u00e9cies brasileiras e ant\u00e1rticas\u201d, por videoconfer\u00eancia atrav\u00e9s da plataforma Microsoft Teams.<\/p>\n
A banca examinadora foi presidida por sua orientadora, Dra. Mutue Toyota Fujii (Instituto de Pesquisas Ambientais), e composta pela Dra. Priscila Barreto de Jesus (Universidade Federal do ABC, Centro de Ci\u00eancias Naturais e Humanas) e pelo Dr. Carlos Frederico Deluqui Gurgel (Instituto de Biodiversidade e Sustentabilidade, NUPEM\/UFRJ).<\/p>\n
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As macroalgas verdes monostrom\u00e1ticas s\u00e3o esp\u00e9cies foli\u00e1ceas com apenas uma camada de c\u00e9lulas em espessura, pertencentes aos g\u00eaneros Gayralia<\/em>, Monostroma<\/em> e Protomonostroma<\/em> (Ulotrichales), Kornmannia<\/em> e Ulvaria <\/em>(Ulvales). No Brasil, as esp\u00e9cies de Gayralia\/Monostroma<\/em> s\u00e3o comuns em manguezais, estu\u00e1rios e, eventualmente, em ambiente marinho. No sudeste asi\u00e1tico, as macroalgas verdes monostrom\u00e1ticas s\u00e3o conhecidas como \u201cparae\u201d, \u201chitoegusa\u201d e possuem elevado valor comercial por serem utilizadas na culin\u00e1ria tradicional e s\u00e3o cultivadas h\u00e1 s\u00e9culos. Estudos recentes demonstraram grande potencial biotecnol\u00f3gico dessas macroalgas, agregando valor como mat\u00e9ria-prima para novos segmentos das ind\u00fastrias farmac\u00eautica e cosm\u00e9tica. Entretanto, como o talo dessas macroalgas possui morfologia simples, problemas taxon\u00f4micos s\u00e3o abundantes na literatura. Apesar do hist\u00f3rico de vida e ontogenia do talo auxiliarem a delimita\u00e7\u00e3o dos t\u00e1xons, nem sempre s\u00e3o conclusivos em n\u00edvel de g\u00eanero e esp\u00e9cie. O uso de t\u00e9cnicas de biologia molecular, associado a estudos de morfologia, vem demonstrando grande potencial para a correta identifica\u00e7\u00e3o dos t\u00e1xons e a descoberta de esp\u00e9cies cr\u00edpticas. Assim, este trabalho visou analisar a diversidade de algas verdes monostrom\u00e1ticas, por meio de estudos morfol\u00f3gicos e moleculares dos marcadores plastidiais rbc<\/em>L-5P e tuf<\/em>A e do nuclear ITS, para confirmar a identidade taxon\u00f4mica das amostras e avaliar as rela\u00e7\u00f5es filogen\u00e9ticas dentro do grupo. As algas foram coletadas aleatoriamente nas seguintes localidades: S\u00e3o Paulo – Rio Escuro, Praia do Lamberto e Lagoinha (Ubatuba, litoral norte), Praia das Cigarras (S\u00e3o Sebasti\u00e3o), Ilha do Cardoso e Canan\u00e9ia (litoral sul); Bahia – Estu\u00e1rio de Mara\u00fa (Itacar\u00e9) e Cear\u00e1 – Praia de Flecheiras (Trairi). Material proveniente da Coreia do Sul e Pen\u00ednsula Ant\u00e1rtica tamb\u00e9m foram inclu\u00eddas na an\u00e1lise. Quatro esp\u00e9cies foram identificadas neste estudo: Gayralia brasiliensis, Monostroma oxyspermum, Monostroma hariotii<\/em> e Monostroma kuroshiense<\/em>, mas somente as duas primeiras ocorrem no Brasil. Monostroma oxyspermum<\/em> possui ampla distribui\u00e7\u00e3o nos dois hemisf\u00e9rios, mas no Brasil est\u00e1 mais restrita ao litoral sul e sudeste, nos ambientes estuarinos. Gayralia brasiliensis <\/em>est\u00e1 mais bem distribu\u00edda nos ambientes estuarinos e marinhos do Brasil, desde Cear\u00e1 em dire\u00e7\u00e3o ao sul do pa\u00eds. Atrav\u00e9s dos marcadores tuf<\/em>A e ITS, foi confirmada a primeira ocorr\u00eancia de G. brasiliensis<\/em> no Oceano Pac\u00edfico (Hava\u00ed, EUA) e no Oceano \u00cdndico (\u00cdndia), uma esp\u00e9cie at\u00e9 ent\u00e3o end\u00eamica do Brasil. M. kuroshiense <\/em>\u00e9 o nome correto das macroalgas verdes monostrom\u00e1ticas que ocorrem na Coreia do Sul e que vem sendo identificada com base em morfologia como M. nitidum. <\/em>Pela primeira vez foram obtidas as sequ\u00eancias de ITS para M. hariotii<\/em> da Pen\u00ednsula Ant\u00e1rtica (localidade tipo), tuf<\/em>A para G. brasiliensis <\/em>do Brasil e tuf<\/em>A e rbc<\/em>L-5P para M. oxyspermum<\/em> do Brasil, e com base nas filogenias desses tr\u00eas marcadores confirmaram que o g\u00eanero Monostroma<\/em> \u00e9 parafil\u00e9tico, estando presente em dois clados: um dos clados corresponde a Ulvopsis<\/em> e o outro, que cont\u00e9m esp\u00e9cies identificadas como Monostroma<\/em> e Gayralia,<\/em> correspondem a um \u00fanico g\u00eanero, Monostroma. <\/em>Os resultados obtidos no presente estudo confirmam que o g\u00eanero Gayralia<\/em> \u00e9 parte do hist\u00f3rico de vida de Monostroma<\/em>, como j\u00e1 havia sido apontado por outros autores. Ainda como resultado das an\u00e1lises filogen\u00e9ticas, novas combina\u00e7\u00f5es para Monostroma hariotii<\/em> e Gayralia brasiliensis<\/em> devem ser providenciadas dentro de Ulvopsis<\/em> e Monostroma<\/em>, respectivamente. Os resultados destacam tamb\u00e9m o potencial do uso de marcadores moleculares para auxiliar na identifica\u00e7\u00e3o taxon\u00f4mica de esp\u00e9cies de interesse comercial.<\/p>\n Palavras-chave:<\/strong> filogenia, ITS, rbc<\/em>L-5P, tuf<\/em>A, Ulotrichales, Ulvales.<\/p>\n The monostromatic green macroalgae are blade-shaped species with only one layer of cells in thickness, belonging to the genera Gayralia<\/em>, Monostroma<\/em> and Protomonostroma<\/em> (Ulotrichales), Kornmannia<\/em> and Ulvaria<\/em> (Ulvales). In Brazil, Gayralia\/Monostroma<\/em> species are common in mangroves, estuaries and, eventually, in the marine environment. In Southeast Asia, monostromatic green macroalgae are known as \u201cparae\u201d,<\/em> \u201chitoegusa\u201d<\/em> and have high commercial value for being used in traditional cuisine and have been cultivated for centuries. Recent studies have shown great biotechnological potential of these macroalgae, adding value as a raw material for new segments of the pharmaceutical and cosmetic industries. However, as the thallus of these macroalgae has a simple morphology, taxonomic problems abound in the literature. Although the life history and ontogeny of the thallus help the delimitation of taxa, they are not always conclusive at the genus and species level. The use of molecular biology techniques, associated with morphology studies, has shown great potential for the correct identification of taxa and the discovery of cryptic species. Thus, this work aimed to analyze the diversity of monostromatic green algae, through morphological and molecular studies of the plastid markers rbc<\/em>L-5P and tuf<\/em>A and the nuclear ITS, to confirm the taxonomic identity of the samples and evaluate the phylogenetic relationships within the group. The algae were randomly collected in the following locations: S\u00e3o Paulo – Rio Escuro, Praia do Lamberto and Lagoinha (Ubatuba, north coast), Praia das Cigarras (S\u00e3o Sebasti\u00e3o), Ilha do Cardoso and Canan\u00e9ia (south coast); Bahia – Mara\u00fa Estuary (Itacar\u00e9) and Cear\u00e1 – Flecheiras Beach (Trairi). Material from South Korea and the Antarctic Peninsula was also included in the analysis. Four species were identified in this study: Gayralia brasiliensis<\/em>, Monostroma oxyspermum<\/em>, Monostroma hariotii<\/em> and Monostroma kuroshiense<\/em>, but only the first two occur in Brazil. Monostroma oxyspermum<\/em> has a wide distribution in both hemispheres, but in Brazil it is restricted to the south and southeast coast, in estuarine environments. Gayralia brasiliensis<\/em> is better distributed in the estuarine and marine environments of Brazil, from Cear\u00e1 towards the south of the country. Through the markers tuf<\/em>A and ITS, the first occurrence of G. brasiliensis<\/em> in the Pacific Ocean (Hawaii, USA) and in the Indian Ocean (India) was confirmed, a species until then endemic to Brazil. M. kuroshiense<\/em> is the correct name for the monostromatic green macroalgae that occurs in South Korea and which has been identified based on morphology as M. nitidum<\/em>. For the first time, ITS sequences were obtained for M. hariotii<\/em> from the Antarctic Peninsula (type locality), tuf<\/em>A for G. brasiliensis<\/em> from Brazil and tuf<\/em>A and rbc<\/em>L-5P for M. oxyspermum<\/em> from Brazil, and based on the phylogenies of these three markers confirmed that the genus Monostroma<\/em> is paraphyletic, being present in two clades: one of the clades corresponds to Ulvopsis<\/em> and the other, which contains species identified as Monostroma<\/em> and Gayralia<\/em>, correspond to a single genus, Monostroma<\/em>. The results obtained in the present study confirm that the genus Gayralia <\/em>is part of the life history of Monostroma<\/em>, as had already been pointed out by other authors. Also, as a result of the phylogenetic analyses, new combinations for Monostroma hariotii<\/em> and Gayralia brasiliensis<\/em> should be provided within Ulvopsis<\/em> and Monostroma<\/em>, respectively. The results also highlight the potential of using molecular markers to assist in the taxonomic identification of species of commercial interest.<\/p>\n Keywords:<\/strong> phylogeny, ITS, rbc<\/em>L-5P, tuf<\/em>A, Ulotrichales, Ulvales.<\/p>\nABSTRACT<\/strong><\/h4>\n
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Helena Rodrigues Fragoso<\/strong>
\nReavalia\u00e7\u00e3o molecular de macroalgas verdes monostrom\u00e1ticas (Ulvophyceae, Chlorophyta) com \u00eanfase em esp\u00e9cies brasileiras e ant\u00e1rticas<\/p>\n
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