{"id":8617,"date":"2023-04-11T08:53:50","date_gmt":"2023-04-11T11:53:50","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.infraestruturameioambiente.sp.gov.br\/pgibt\/?page_id=8617"},"modified":"2023-04-11T08:54:44","modified_gmt":"2023-04-11T11:54:44","slug":"marcela-regina-goncalves-da-silva-engela-dr","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/www.infraestruturameioambiente.sp.gov.br\/pgibt\/marcela-regina-goncalves-da-silva-engela-dr\/","title":{"rendered":"Marcela Regina Gon\u00e7alves da Silva Engela – DR"},"content":{"rendered":"

\"faixapos6\"<\/a><\/h2>\n
\n

Marcela Regina Gon\u00e7alves da Silva Engela<\/h2>\n
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No dia 30 de novembro de 2020 as 9h, a aluna do programa de P\u00f3s-gradua\u00e7\u00e3o em Biodiversidade Vegetal e Meio Ambiente do Instituto de Bot\u00e2nica de\u00a0S\u00e3o Paulo (IBt), Marcela Regina Gon\u00e7alves da Silva Engela (Bolsista FAPESP), defendeu sua tese de doutorado intitulada: \u201cPerfil metab\u00f3lico de esp\u00e9cies nativas de Mata Atl\u00e2ntica expostas a estressores ambientais\u201d.<\/p>\n

A banca examinadora foi composta pela Dra. Marisa Domingos (orientadora\/IBt), Dr. Wagner Vilegas (UNESP), Dr. Emerson Alves da Silva (IBt), Dr. Danilo Centeno (UFABC) e Dra. Barbara Baesso Moura (CNR\/It\u00e1lia).<\/p>\n

O trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar o perfil metab\u00f3lico para ampliar o conhecimento cerca dos metab\u00f3litos prim\u00e1rios e secund\u00e1rios e indicar o potencial de toler\u00e2ncia e sensibilidade de tr\u00eas grupos funcionais (esp\u00e9cies arb\u00f3reas pioneiras, arb\u00f3reas n\u00e3o pioneiras e lianas) a m\u00faltiplos fatores de estresse ambiental (clim\u00e1ticos e\/ou polui\u00e7\u00e3o atmosf\u00e9rica).<\/p>\n

Para tanto, efetuamos as an\u00e1lises metab\u00f3licas de vinte e umas esp\u00e9cies arb\u00f3reas nativas (pioneiras\u00a0vs<\/em>\u00a0n\u00e3o pioneiras) de ocorr\u00eancia em diferentes remanescentes florestais localizados no sudeste do Brasil (S\u00e3o Paulo e Minas Gerais).<\/p>\n

Tamb\u00e9m avaliamos as repostas bioqu\u00edmicas e fisiol\u00f3gicas de Eugenia uniflora <\/em>em 2017, ap\u00f3s experimento controlado com oz\u00f4nio (O3<\/sub>), realizado na It\u00e1lia, sob a supervis\u00e3o da Dra Elena Paoletti do Institute for Sustainable Plant Protection\/National Research Council of Italy.<\/p>\n

Al\u00e9m disso, Passiflora edulis<\/em>, uma esp\u00e9cie de liana tropical, foi exposta em 2019 novamente ao oz\u00f4nio em sistema O3<\/sub>-FACE System com acr\u00e9scimo de N ao solo, onde foi poss\u00edvel avaliar repostas bioqu\u00edmicas, fisiol\u00f3gicas e padr\u00f5es de crescimento da esp\u00e9cie. O experimento tamb\u00e9m foi realizado na It\u00e1lia, sob a supervis\u00e3o da Dra. Elena Paoletti no Institute of Research on Terrestrial Ecosystems\/\/National Research Council of Italy.<\/p>\n

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Perfil metab\u00f3lico de esp\u00e9cies nativas de Mata Atl\u00e2ntica expostas a estressores ambientais<\/strong><\/h3>\n
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ABSTRACT<\/strong><\/p>\n

Forest ecosystems are naturally subject to several oxidative stress factors and due to the expansion of cities, the increase in agricultural and industrial activities, ecosystems have been fragmented and affected by anthropic stress factors, such as increased concentrations of gaseous and air pollution. Pollutants from natural and man-made sources, such as ozone and nitrogen dioxide, are released into the atmosphere. Ozone is considered the most important air pollutants in urban and rural areas, as it is highly phytotoxic. Another common process in urban centers is the burning of fossil fuels, which emits considerable amounts of nitrogen oxides (NOx), one of the precursors of the formation of ozone from photochemical processes in the atmosphere. In addition, in recent years, high deposition of gaseous nitrogen compounds, dissolved in rainwater or adsorbed to particulate matter has been observed in terrestrial ecosystems, especially in regions with high population density and intense agricultural activity. Gaseous pollutants, such as NO2<\/sub> and O3<\/sub>, enter plants through stomata and are metabolized in different cell compartments, where they spontaneously decompose in aqueous solution, forming reactive oxygen species (ROS), which can cause the degradation of lipids, nucleic acids, proteins and pigments. Still, they can cause alterations in photosynthesis, changes in the characteristics of the fluorescence signals of chlorophylls, reduction of Rubisco, reduction in stomatal conductance and consequently the reduction in net carbon assimilation. As a consequence of these changes, there may be a decrease in metabolites, especially those directly linked to photosynthesis. However, the literature demonstrates that certain compounds can assist the defense system of plants in the elimination of ROS, especially in the latter the role of carbohydrates, amino acids, organic acids and phenolic substances. Through metabolomics, it is possible to verify the changes that environmental stress, especially pollutants could cause in plants. Thus, the present thesis uses the ecosystem approach, where biochemical, physiological leaf characteristics of species representative of three functional groups of the Atlantic Forest (pioneer tree species, non-pioneer trees and lianas) were studied. For this, three experimental steps were carried out: (1) 21 tree species were selected and studied during the rainy and dry periods of 2016 in four forest remnants in southeastern Brazil; (2) Eugenia uniflora<\/em>, a non-pioneer species, was subjected to O3<\/sub> in 2017 in the O3<\/sub>-FACE system (Free-Air Controlled Exposure); (3) Passiflora edulis<\/em>, a species of liana, was subjected to O3<\/sub> in 2019 in O3<\/sub>-FACE (Free-Air Controlled Exposure) system with addition of N to the soil. We identified in the 21 species of the different functional groups, through the analysis in GC-EIMS, 13 carbohydrates, 6 fatty acids, 4 organic acids, ascorbic acid, 3 amino acids, 3 phenolic acids, 2 terpenes and 2 alkanes and the HPLC-DAD analyzes detected 5 flavonoids. Principal component analyzes (PCA) did not reveal clear distinctions between pioneer and non-pioneer species and also showed a seasonal variation in the metabolic profile of tree species. It occurred in response to natural and anthropic stressors according to non-metric multidimensional scaling analyzes and appeared to be an acclimatization response to these multiple environmental stresses. However, Eugenia uniflora<\/em>, was sensitive to oxidative stress caused by ozone, since we found a classic O3<\/sub> lesion: reduced carbohydrate and fatty acid concentrations, non-significant changes in the polyphenols profile, inefficient antioxidant responses, increased ROS content and indicators of lipid peroxidation, reductions in stomatal conductance, liquid photosynthesis, root \/ shoot ratio and height growth. However, we also found some compensation mechanisms, such as increasing the leaf concentration of polyols to protect the membranes and increasing the number of leaves to compensate for the decline in the photosynthetic rate. Finally, the last experiment conducted with Passiflora edulis<\/em> exposed to ozone and the addition of nitrogen to the soil, it was possible to verify that the supply of N mitigated the effects of high levels of O3<\/sub> on growth, biomass, photosynthesis, chlorophyll fluorescence and increased antioxidant defense components analyzed in P. edulis<\/em>. The absence of visible leaf damage, no reduction in growth, biomass production and significant increases in fatty acids, polyols, amino acids (such as proline), ascorbic acid, flavonoid concentrations and the increase in the number of leaves suggest that the studied cultivar is capable to tolerate oxidative stress induced by the interactive effects of O3<\/sub> and the addition of nitrogen in the soil. The results obtained in the thesis, help to fill the knowledge gaps on the responses of tropical species of different functional groups to the different environmental stressors in which they are exposed daily, mainly to ozone and the combined effect with the addition of nitrogen in the soil.<\/p>\n

Keywords: <\/strong>ecosystems, oxidative stress, environmental stressors, tropical species, metabolites, ozone, nitrogen.<\/p>\n

RESUMO<\/strong><\/p>\n

Os ecossistemas florestais est\u00e3o naturalmente sujeitos a diversos fatores de estresse oxidativo. Devido \u00e0 expans\u00e3o das cidades, o aumento das atividades agr\u00edcolas e industriais, os ecossistemas v\u00eam sendo fragmentados e afetados por fatores antr\u00f3picos de estresse, como o aumento das concentra\u00e7\u00f5es de poluentes gasosos e particulados. O oz\u00f4nio \u00e9 considerado um dos poluentes atmosf\u00e9ricos mais importantes em \u00e1reas urbanas e rurais, por ser altamente fitot\u00f3xico. Outro processo comum nos centros urbanos \u00e9 a queima de combust\u00edveis f\u00f3sseis, que emite quantidades consider\u00e1veis de \u00f3xidos de nitrog\u00eanio (NOx), um dos precursores da forma\u00e7\u00e3o do O3<\/sub> a partir de processos fotoqu\u00edmicos na atmosfera. Somado a isso, nos \u00faltimos anos, alta deposi\u00e7\u00e3o de compostos de nitrog\u00eanio gasosos, dissolvidos na \u00e1gua de chuva ou adsorvidos ao material particulado tem sido observada em ecossistemas terrestres, especialmente em regi\u00f5es com alta densidade populacional e intensa atividade agr\u00edcola. Os poluentes gasosos, como o NO2<\/sub> e O3<\/sub>, entram nas plantas atrav\u00e9s dos est\u00f4matos e s\u00e3o metabolizados em diferentes compartimentos celulares, onde decomp\u00f5em-se espontaneamente em solu\u00e7\u00e3o aquosa, formando esp\u00e9cies reativas de oxig\u00eanio (ERO), que podem causar a degrada\u00e7\u00e3o de lip\u00eddeos, \u00e1cidos nucleicos, prote\u00ednas e pigmentos. Ainda, podem causar altera\u00e7\u00f5es na fotoss\u00edntese, ocasionando em mudan\u00e7as nas caracter\u00edsticas dos sinais de fluoresc\u00eancia das clorofilas, redu\u00e7\u00e3o da Rubisco, redu\u00e7\u00e3o da condut\u00e2ncia estom\u00e1tica e consequentemente a redu\u00e7\u00e3o da assimila\u00e7\u00e3o l\u00edquida de carbono. Entretanto, a literatura demonstra que determinados compostos podem auxiliar o sistema de defesa vegetal na elimina\u00e7\u00e3o das ERO, destacando-se nos \u00faltimos o papel dos carboidratos, amino\u00e1cidos, \u00e1cidos org\u00e2nicos e subst\u00e2ncias fen\u00f3licas. Atrav\u00e9s da metabol\u00f4mica, \u00e9 poss\u00edvel verificar as altera\u00e7\u00f5es que os diferentes estresses ambientais poderiam causar no metabolismo vegetal. Assim, a presente tese utilizou a abordagem ecossist\u00eamica, sendo estudado o perfil de esp\u00e9cies representativas de tr\u00eas grupos funcionais da Floresta Atl\u00e2ntica (esp\u00e9cies arb\u00f3reas pioneiras, arb\u00f3reas n\u00e3o pioneiras e lianas). Para tanto, tr\u00eas etapas experimentais foram realizadas: (1) 21 esp\u00e9cies arb\u00f3reas pertencentes a diferentes grupos funcionais foram selecionadas e estudadas durante os per\u00edodos chuvoso e seco de 2016 em quatro remanescentes florestais do sudeste do brasileiro; (2) Eugenia uniflora<\/em>, esp\u00e9cie n\u00e3o pioneira, foi exposta em 2017 ao O3<\/sub> em sistema O3<\/sub>-FACE (Free-Air Controlled Exposure); (3) Passiflora edulis<\/em>, uma liana tropical, foi exposta em 2019 ao oz\u00f4nio em sistema O3<\/sub>-FACE com acr\u00e9scimo de N ao solo. Identificamos nas 21 esp\u00e9cies, por GC-EIMS, 13 carboidratos, 6 \u00e1cidos graxos, 4 \u00e1cidos org\u00e2nicos, \u00e1cido asc\u00f3rbico, 3 amino\u00e1cidos, 3 \u00e1cidos fen\u00f3licos, 2 terpenos e 2 alcanos, enquanto as an\u00e1lises por HPLC-DAD detectaram flavonoides. As an\u00e1lises de componentes principais (APC) n\u00e3o revelaram distin\u00e7\u00f5es claras entre esp\u00e9cies pioneiras e n\u00e3o pioneiras, mas evidenciou uma varia\u00e7\u00e3o sazonal no perfil metab\u00f3lico dessas esp\u00e9cies. Ocorreu em resposta a fatores de estresse naturais e antr\u00f3picos de acordo com an\u00e1lises n\u00e3o m\u00e9tricas de escalonamento multidimensional, sugerindo ser uma resposta de aclimata\u00e7\u00e3o a esses m\u00faltiplos estresses ambientais. Eugenia uniflora<\/em> mostrou-se sens\u00edvel ao estresse oxidativo causado pelo oz\u00f4nio, mostrando inj\u00farias cl\u00e1ssicas induzidas por O3<\/sub>, entre as quais: redu\u00e7\u00e3o nas concentra\u00e7\u00f5es de carboidratos e \u00e1cidos graxos, mudan\u00e7as n\u00e3o significativas no perfil dos polifen\u00f3is, respostas antioxidantes ineficientes, conte\u00fado aumentado de ERO e indicadores de peroxida\u00e7\u00e3o lip\u00eddica, redu\u00e7\u00f5es na condut\u00e2ncia estom\u00e1tica, fotoss\u00edntese l\u00edquida, raz\u00e3o raiz\/parte a\u00e9rea e crescimento em altura. No entanto, foram tamb\u00e9m observados alguns mecanismos de compensa\u00e7\u00e3o, como o aumento da concentra\u00e7\u00e3o foliar de poli\u00f3is, representando uma para prote\u00e7\u00e3o \u00e0s membranas e aumento do n\u00famero de folhas para compensar o decl\u00ednio da taxa fotossint\u00e9tica. Por fim, o \u00faltimo experimento conduzido com Passiflora edulis <\/em>expostas ao O3<\/sub> e a adi\u00e7\u00e3o de nitrog\u00eanio no solo foi poss\u00edvel verificar que o suprimento de N amenizou os efeitos dos n\u00edveis elevados de O3<\/sub> sobre o crescimento, biomassa, fotoss\u00edntese, fluoresc\u00eancia da clorofila e elevou os componentes de defesa antioxidante analisados em P. edulis<\/em>. A aus\u00eancia de dano foliar vis\u00edvel, n\u00e3o redu\u00e7\u00e3o no crescimento, produ\u00e7\u00e3o de biomassa e aumentos significativos nos \u00e1cidos graxos, poli\u00f3is, amino\u00e1cidos (como prolina), \u00e1cido asc\u00f3rbico, concentra\u00e7\u00f5es de flavon\u00f3ides e o aumento no n\u00famero de folhas sugerem que a cultivar estudada \u00e9 capaz de tolerar o estresse oxidativo induzido pelos efeitos interativos do O3<\/sub> e da adi\u00e7\u00e3o de nitrog\u00eanio no solo. Os resultados obtidos na tese, ajudam a preencher as lacunas de conhecimento sobre as respostas de esp\u00e9cies tropicais de diferentes grupos funcionais aos diferentes estressores ambientais em que est\u00e3o diariamente expostos, principalmente ao oz\u00f4nio e o efeito combinado com a adi\u00e7\u00e3o de nitrog\u00eanio no solo.<\/p>\n

Palavras-chave:<\/strong> ecossistemas, estresse oxidativo, estressores ambientais, esp\u00e9cies tropicais, metab\u00f3litos, oz\u00f4nio, nitrog\u00eanio.<\/p>\n

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\"pdf_grande\"<\/a>Marcela Regina Gon\u00e7alves da Silva Engela<\/strong><\/a>
\nPerfil metab\u00f3lico de esp\u00e9cies nativas de Mata Atl\u00e2ntica expostas a estressores ambientais<\/a><\/p>\n

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\u00a0VOLTAR AS DISSERTA\u00c7\u00d5ES E TESES<\/a><\/strong><\/p>\n

\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Marcela Regina Gon\u00e7alves da Silva Engela No dia 30 de novembro de 2020 as 9h, a aluna do programa de P\u00f3s-gradua\u00e7\u00e3o em Biodiversidade Vegetal e Meio Ambiente do Instituto de Bot\u00e2nica de\u00a0S\u00e3o Paulo (IBt), Marcela Regina Gon\u00e7alves da Silva Engela (Bolsista FAPESP), defendeu sua tese de doutorado intitulada: \u201cPerfil metab\u00f3lico de esp\u00e9cies nativas de Mata […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":187,"featured_media":0,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.infraestruturameioambiente.sp.gov.br\/pgibt\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/8617"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.infraestruturameioambiente.sp.gov.br\/pgibt\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.infraestruturameioambiente.sp.gov.br\/pgibt\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.infraestruturameioambiente.sp.gov.br\/pgibt\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/187"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.infraestruturameioambiente.sp.gov.br\/pgibt\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=8617"}],"version-history":[{"count":3,"href":"https:\/\/www.infraestruturameioambiente.sp.gov.br\/pgibt\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/8617\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":8622,"href":"https:\/\/www.infraestruturameioambiente.sp.gov.br\/pgibt\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/8617\/revisions\/8622"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.infraestruturameioambiente.sp.gov.br\/pgibt\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=8617"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}